Producing steel is an energy intensive process. Utilizing byproduct gases as a fuel source is vital to the plant’s operational efficiency. These byproduct gases, which are recovered from blast furnaces and coke ovens, are commonly used as a mixed gas fuel source throughout the plant.
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The condenser is a key component in any power plant that uses a steam turbine. Its primary function is to increase power by maximizing the pressure drop across the turbine, where efficiency is directly related to the vacuum created by condensing steam. Geothermal condensers are fundamentally different than those found in fossil fuel plants, in that turbine exhaust steam is never recycled to a boiler.
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Within the last few decades, injection wells have become a necessity for maximum geothermal power generation and reservoir management. Fluid injection is one of the most important parts of this process, eliminating any environmental impact of surface disposal and providing pressure support to the well. More of a strategy now than in the past, injection encompasses many variables such as the number of required wells, locations, depths and any potential long-term effects on production.
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In areas of the world where steam or two-phase flow are the dominant sources of geothermal energy, it is vital to remove the fluid portion of the mixture from the well. Otherwise, salts and dissolved solids will cause scaling and corrosion of the turbine and related equipment. Separators are installed to accomplish this task and are the most important component at a geothermal plant.
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The focus is growing on Geothermal power as one of the most promising forms of renewable energy. Often referred to as limitless, reservoirs are found on fault lines and near volcanic active areas. Replenishing is natural through rain water and snow melt, in addition to leftover fluids injected back into the well.
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Geothermal energy has become a focal point in generation company portfolio’s with the demand for renewable energy continuing to expand. Geothermal energy production is known for it’s reduction in greenhouse gas emissions as it can be extracted without burning any fossil fuels. Currently, geo-fields are producing about one-sixth of the carbon dioxide of a clean natural gas fueled plant, and unlike solar and wind power, geothermal energy is always available.
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Heap leaching is an industrial mining process that extracts precious metals from ore through a series of acidic chemical reactions. During this process the non-valuable earth materials or gangue are put through a series of acidic chemical reactions that absorb specific minerals and re-separate them. Comparable to in situ mining, heap leach mining differs in that uses a heap pad to separate the ore.
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Recovery of nickel has become increasingly challenging as yield per ton of ore has decreased dramatically. Existing mines grade decreases and new viable ore bodies are located in remote locations. Certain methods of recovery, such as traditional leaching, have been outmoded. In the last decade, high pressure acid leaching (HPAL) in autoclaves has become the technologically preferred method for processing gold present in sulfide minerals.
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Mining of copper typically encompasses separating of sulfide ore and recovery of the purer metal particles from gangue minerals using froth flotation. The process follows crushing, grinding, and milling of the ore into fine particles, which are mixed with water into a slurry that is then fed into a flotation cell.
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In transporting crude oil and pipeline petroleum products to refineries, storage tanks, and other delivery points, metering of the fluid is essential for determining flow rate, volume, and ultimately, cost. In situations where the flow in the input line may vary significantly, multiple meter runs are required in order to maintain flow rates within the optimum accuracy range of each flowmeter.
Meter Balance Valve and Meter Back Pressure Valve Read More »